{"id":224858,"date":"2026-03-10T10:06:06","date_gmt":"2026-03-10T08:06:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/?p=224858"},"modified":"2026-03-12T15:54:34","modified_gmt":"2026-03-12T13:54:34","slug":"vaprosat-za-zemyata-prez-hih-vek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mathinfo.azbuki.bg\/en\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-2\/vaprosat-za-zemyata-prez-hih-vek\/","title":{"rendered":"The Land Question in 19th Century"},"content":{"rendered":"

Petar Dobrev<\/strong><\/a>,
\nSenior Assistant Professor, PhD
\nDepartment of History
\nSofia University
\nInstitute for Historical Studies
\nBulgarian Academy of Science
\n15, Tzar Osvoboditel Blvd.
\n1504 Sofia BULGARIA
\nE-mail: peterzad@gmail.com<\/a>
\nWeb of Science ResearcherID: AAM-4716-2021
\nhttps:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5666-213X<\/p>\n

Nikolay Todorov<\/strong><\/a>,
\nAssociate Professor, PhD
\n\u201cAngel Kanchev\u201d University of Ruse
\n8, Studentska St.
\n7017 Ruse BULGARIA
\nE-mail: todorovnikolay@abv.bg<\/a>
\nSCOPUS Researcher ID: 57416480900
\nWeb of Science Researcher ID: AAF-7073-2021
\nhttps:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1306-1289<\/p>\n

\"\"
\n\u0421\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044a\u043f\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pages: 71 \u2013 104\u00a0 |\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/978-619-7667-81-3-v2.02<\/a><\/p>\n

Abstract.<\/strong> The land question is one of the main research problems in contemporary Ottoman studies. Until the end of its existence, the Ottoman Empire predominantly maintained an agrarian character, which explains the importance of the agrarian change that occurred in the 19th century. Still, the transformation of land at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century is an issue that is not yet not fully clarified. Difficulties arise both from the lack of documents and from the absence of legislative acts that reflect the change. Traditionally, the question of land has been intensely studied after 1858, when the \u201cLand Code\u201d was adopted. Our study attempts, first and foremost, to trace the changes in the status of the land from the late 18th century to the 1840s. The changes in land ownership as a result of the proclaimed reforms in the 1840s \u2013 the Tanzimat era \u2013 are also examined. The Land Code of 1858 and the gradual transformation of the land into private property are discussed in detail. The \u201c\u00c7iftlik debate\u201d is also thoroughly explored, as it remains central to modern studies on the agrarian regime in the Ottoman Empire. We try to contribute to this debate by showing the different types of \u00e7iftliks that existed in the lands inhabited by Bulgarians. Some of them followed the path of capitalist modernization and turned out to be extremely sustainable farms that continued to exist in the Bulgarian state after 1878. Analyzing the available historiography and using new archives, we analyze in detail the reasons why certain areas were more suitable for this type of agriculture, while in most of the Bulgarian lands such development was absent.<\/p>\n

Keywords:<\/em> \u00e7iftliks; Ottoman Empire; Bulgaria; historiography; Agrarian question; feudalism; sipahi<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Petar Dobrev, Senior Assistant Professor, PhD Department of History Sofia University Institute for Historical Studies Bulgarian Academy of Science 15, Tzar Osvoboditel Blvd. 1504 Sofia BULGARIA E-mail: peterzad@gmail.com Web of Science ResearcherID: AAM-4716-2021 https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5666-213X Nikolay Todorov, Associate Professor, PhD \u201cAngel Kanchev\u201d University of Ruse 8, Studentska St. 7017 Ruse BULGARIA E-mail: todorovnikolay@abv.bg SCOPUS Researcher ID: […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":124332423427287,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[]},"categories":[16904],"tags":[16980,6351,16973,16981,16907,6490,16982],"yoast_head":"\n\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044a\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0425\u0406\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a - \u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/bel.azbuki.bg\/en\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-2\/vaprosat-za-zemyata-prez-hih-vek\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0412\u044a\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044a\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0425\u0406\u0425 \u0432\u0435\u043a - 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