{"id":224847,"date":"2026-03-10T09:38:26","date_gmt":"2026-03-10T07:38:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/?p=224847"},"modified":"2026-03-12T15:50:22","modified_gmt":"2026-03-12T13:50:22","slug":"prehodni-formi-v-stopanstvoto-xvii-xviii-vek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mathinfo.azbuki.bg\/en\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-1\/prehodni-formi-v-stopanstvoto-xvii-xviii-vek\/","title":{"rendered":"Transitional Forms in the Economy (17th \u2013 18th Centuries)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"mailto:k.mutafova@ts.uni-vt.bg\"><strong>Krassimira Mutafova<\/strong><\/a>,<br \/>\nProfessor, DSc.<br \/>\nDepartment of Ancient and Medieval History of the Faculty of History<br \/>\n\u201eSt Cyril and St Methodius\u201c University of Veliko Tarnovo<br \/>\n2, T. Tarnovski St.<br \/>\n5003 Veliko Tarnovo BULGARIA<br \/>\nE-mail: <a href=\"mailto:k.mutafova@ts.uni-vt.bg\">k.mutafova@ts.uni-vt.bg<\/a><br \/>\nSCOPUS Researcher ID: 57209621522<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3373-3721<br \/>\nhttps:\/\/publons.com\/researcher\/3643680\/krasimira-mutafova<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-146829\" src=\"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/pdf-icon.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"32\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/mathinfo.azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/pdf-icon.jpg 1532w, https:\/\/mathinfo.azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/pdf-icon-239x300.jpg 239w, https:\/\/mathinfo.azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/pdf-icon-817x1024.jpg 817w, https:\/\/mathinfo.azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/pdf-icon-768x963.jpg 768w, https:\/\/mathinfo.azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/pdf-icon-1226x1536.jpg 1226w, https:\/\/mathinfo.azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/pdf-icon-750x940.jpg 750w, https:\/\/mathinfo.azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/pdf-icon-1140x1429.jpg 1140w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 32px) 100vw, 32px\" \/><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff2600;\">\u0421\u044a\u0434\u044a\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0442\u043e \u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044a\u043f\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0430\u0431\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Pages: 557 \u2013 596\u00a0 |\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/978-619-7667-80-6-v1.14\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/978-619-7667-80-6-v1.14<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Abstract.<\/strong> The focus of this chapter are the problems directly related to the changes that occurred in the economic life of the Ottoman Empire and that of the Bulgarians in the 17th and 18th centuries. Of decisive importance in this extremely dynamic era in its political, economic and social dimensions are the reforms carried out in the military and fiscal system at the end of the 17th and 18th centuries. They played a key role in the adaptation of the Empire and its subjects to the new conditions and the establishment of transitional forms in the development of agriculture and the urban economy. All of of them \u2013 muk\u00e2ta\u2019as, malik\u00e2nes, waqfs, \u00e7iftliks \u2013 are known from the previous period as well, but acquired different dimensions and directions of development in the conditions of the 17th and 18th centuries after the more or less successful reforms. Their equal representation is a difficult task in view of the vast literature on this issue, the still \u201eopen\u201c discussions in Bulgarian and foreign historiography, as well as the volume of available narrative and archival sources. The research focuses on the widespread penetration and dominance of the iltizam system in various sectors of the economy in the 17th and 18th centuries centuries, including in the structures of the Orthodox Church. In the light of recent studies and rich source material, incl. unpublished Ottoman sources \u2013 mainly mufassil (detailed) defteris, annual income-expenditure statements, the so called suret, suret-i ruznam\u00e7e hakani, arzuhals, etc. \u2013 is clarified the role of the muk\u00e2ta\u2019as in the agricultural sector and the urban economy in the Rumeli provinces and in the Bulgarian lands, the introduction of the malik\u00e2ne system at the end of the 17th century and its development in the 18th century, the specifics of the ecclesiastical muk\u00e2ta\u2019as and malik\u00e2nes.<\/p>\n<p>Only basic questions are raised regarding the changes in the Ottoman waqf and \u00e7iftliks in the 17th and 18th centuries, examined in detail here by Paulina Andonova. Special attention is paid only to non-Muslim waqfs and economic activity of religious institutions.<\/p>\n<p><em>Keywords:<\/em> Ottoman empire; Bulgarian lands; transitional forms of economic life; iltiz\u00e2m system; muk\u00e2ta\u2019a; m\u00e2lik\u00e2ne; waqfs; \u00e7iftliks; Ottoman documents; surets; mufassal defteris; arz; arzuhal<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Krassimira Mutafova, Professor, DSc. Department of Ancient and Medieval History of the Faculty of History \u201eSt Cyril and St Methodius\u201c University of Veliko Tarnovo 2, T. Tarnovski St. 5003 Veliko Tarnovo BULGARIA E-mail: k.mutafova@ts.uni-vt.bg SCOPUS Researcher ID: 57209621522 https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3373-3721 https:\/\/publons.com\/researcher\/3643680\/krasimira-mutafova Pages: 557 \u2013 596\u00a0 |\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/978-619-7667-80-6-v1.14 Abstract. The focus of this chapter are the problems [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":124332423427287,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[]},"categories":[16903],"tags":[16975,16976,12644,16973,16969,16971,16929,16970,16925,6490,16974,16968,16972],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e (XVII \u2013 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a) - \u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/science.azbuki.bg\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-1\/prehodni-formi-v-stopanstvoto-xvii-xviii-vek\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e (XVII \u2013 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a) - \u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Krassimira Mutafova, Professor, DSc. Department of Ancient and Medieval History of the Faculty of History \u201eSt Cyril and St Methodius\u201c University of Veliko Tarnovo 2, T. Tarnovski St. 5003 Veliko Tarnovo BULGARIA E-mail: k.mutafova@ts.uni-vt.bg SCOPUS Researcher ID: 57209621522 https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3373-3721 https:\/\/publons.com\/researcher\/3643680\/krasimira-mutafova Pages: 557 \u2013 596\u00a0 |\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/978-619-7667-80-6-v1.14 Abstract. 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Department of Ancient and Medieval History of the Faculty of History \u201eSt Cyril and St Methodius\u201c University of Veliko Tarnovo 2, T. Tarnovski St. 5003 Veliko Tarnovo BULGARIA E-mail: k.mutafova@ts.uni-vt.bg SCOPUS Researcher ID: 57209621522 https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3373-3721 https:\/\/publons.com\/researcher\/3643680\/krasimira-mutafova Pages: 557 \u2013 596\u00a0 |\u00a0 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53656\/978-619-7667-80-6-v1.14 Abstract. The focus of this chapter are the problems [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/science.azbuki.bg\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-1\/prehodni-formi-v-stopanstvoto-xvii-xviii-vek\/","og_site_name":"\u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Azbuki55\/","article_published_time":"2026-03-10T07:38:26+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-03-12T13:50:22+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/azbuki.bg\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/pdf-icon.jpg"}],"author":"\u201e\u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438\u201c","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"\u201e\u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438\u201c","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/science.azbuki.bg\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-1\/prehodni-formi-v-stopanstvoto-xvii-xviii-vek\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/science.azbuki.bg\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-1\/prehodni-formi-v-stopanstvoto-xvii-xviii-vek\/"},"author":{"name":"\u201e\u0410\u0437-\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438\u201c","@id":"https:\/\/vocedu.azbuki.bg\/#\/schema\/person\/de220d282eaa494f914ce0fd838645dd"},"headline":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e (XVII \u2013 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a)","datePublished":"2026-03-10T07:38:26+00:00","dateModified":"2026-03-12T13:50:22+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/science.azbuki.bg\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-1\/prehodni-formi-v-stopanstvoto-xvii-xviii-vek\/"},"wordCount":483,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/vocedu.azbuki.bg\/#organization"},"keywords":["arz","arzuhal","Bulgarian lands","\u00e7iftliks","iltiz\u00e2m system","m\u00e2lik\u00e2ne","mufassal deft\u0435ris","muk\u00e2ta\u2019a","Ottoman documents","Ottoman empire","surets","transitional forms of economic life","waqfs"],"articleSection":["\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044a\u043b\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u041e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u2013 \u0442. 1"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/science.azbuki.bg\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-1\/prehodni-formi-v-stopanstvoto-xvii-xviii-vek\/","url":"https:\/\/science.azbuki.bg\/stopanska-istoriya-na-balgarite-v-osmanskata-imperiya-t-1\/prehodni-formi-v-stopanstvoto-xvii-xviii-vek\/","name":"\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043e (XVII \u2013 XVIII \u0432\u0435\u043a) - 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